This led to improvements in agriculture and greater productivity of the land, as prosperity grew the population expanded giving rise to larger towns. Iron farming tools made agricultural methods far more efficient. the people of West Africa could already smelt iron ore to make tools for warfare and agriculture. These civilisations developed at a time when most of Europe was experiencing the Dark Age, after the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire around 476 A.D. The earliest African civilizations south of the Sahara desert were in West Africa. West African societies were shaped by competition for wealth and the search for independence from more powerful kingdoms. The transformations were influenced by conquest and warfare along with patterns of trade. As old kingdoms came to be replaced by new smaller ones many changes were experienced. These kingdoms played an important role in the development of trade and economic growth of the region. West Africa is home to many of Africa's oldest kingdoms. Overview, West Africa and the rise of the Songhai Empire
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